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boost/heap/fibonacci_heap.hpp

// boost heap: fibonacci heap
//
// Copyright (C) 2010 Tim Blechmann
//
// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
// accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)

#ifndef BOOST_HEAP_FIBONACCI_HEAP_HPP
#define BOOST_HEAP_FIBONACCI_HEAP_HPP

#include <algorithm>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

#include <boost/array.hpp>
#include <boost/assert.hpp>

#include <boost/heap/detail/heap_comparison.hpp>
#include <boost/heap/detail/heap_node.hpp>
#include <boost/heap/detail/stable_heap.hpp>
#include <boost/heap/detail/tree_iterator.hpp>
#include <boost/type_traits/integral_constant.hpp>

#ifdef BOOST_HAS_PRAGMA_ONCE
#    pragma once
#endif


#ifndef BOOST_DOXYGEN_INVOKED
#    ifdef BOOST_HEAP_SANITYCHECKS
#        define BOOST_HEAP_ASSERT BOOST_ASSERT
#    else
#        define BOOST_HEAP_ASSERT( expression )
#    endif
#endif

namespace boost { namespace heap {
namespace detail {

typedef parameter::parameters< boost::parameter::optional< tag::allocator >,
                               boost::parameter::optional< tag::compare >,
                               boost::parameter::optional< tag::stable >,
                               boost::parameter::optional< tag::constant_time_size >,
                               boost::parameter::optional< tag::stability_counter_type > >
    fibonacci_heap_signature;

template < typename T, typename Parspec >
struct make_fibonacci_heap_base
{
    static const bool constant_time_size
        = parameter::binding< Parspec, tag::constant_time_size, boost::true_type >::type::value;

    typedef typename detail::make_heap_base< T, Parspec, constant_time_size >::type               base_type;
    typedef typename detail::make_heap_base< T, Parspec, constant_time_size >::allocator_argument allocator_argument;
    typedef typename detail::make_heap_base< T, Parspec, constant_time_size >::compare_argument   compare_argument;
    typedef marked_heap_node< typename base_type::internal_type >                                 node_type;

    typedef typename boost::allocator_rebind< allocator_argument, node_type >::type allocator_type;

    struct type : base_type, allocator_type
    {
        type( compare_argument const& arg ) :
            base_type( arg )
        {}

        type( allocator_type const& arg ) :
            allocator_type( arg )
        {}

        type( type const& rhs ) :
            base_type( static_cast< base_type const& >( rhs ) ),
            allocator_type( static_cast< allocator_type const& >( rhs ) )
        {}

        type& operator=( type const& rhs )
        {
            base_type::operator=( static_cast< base_type const& >( rhs ) );
            allocator_type::operator=( static_cast< allocator_type const& >( rhs ) );
            return *this;
        }

#ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX11_RVALUE_REFERENCES
        type( type&& rhs ) :
            base_type( std::move( static_cast< base_type& >( rhs ) ) ),
            allocator_type( std::move( static_cast< allocator_type& >( rhs ) ) )
        {}

        type& operator=( type&& rhs )
        {
            base_type::operator=( std::move( static_cast< base_type& >( rhs ) ) );
            allocator_type::operator=( std::move( static_cast< allocator_type& >( rhs ) ) );
            return *this;
        }
#endif
    };
};

} // namespace detail


/**
 * \class fibonacci_heap
 * \brief fibonacci heap
 *
 * The template parameter T is the type to be managed by the container.
 * The user can specify additional options and if no options are provided default options are used.
 *
 * The container supports the following options:
 * - \c boost::heap::stable<>, defaults to \c stable<false>
 * - \c boost::heap::compare<>, defaults to \c compare<std::less<T> >
 * - \c boost::heap::allocator<>, defaults to \c allocator<std::allocator<T> >
 * - \c boost::heap::constant_time_size<>, defaults to \c constant_time_size<true>
 * - \c boost::heap::stability_counter_type<>, defaults to \c stability_counter_type<boost::uintmax_t>
 *
 */
#ifdef BOOST_DOXYGEN_INVOKED
template < class T, class... Options >
#else
template < typename T,
           class A0 = boost::parameter::void_,
           class A1 = boost::parameter::void_,
           class A2 = boost::parameter::void_,
           class A3 = boost::parameter::void_,
           class A4 = boost::parameter::void_ >
#endif
class fibonacci_heap :
    private detail::
        make_fibonacci_heap_base< T, typename detail::fibonacci_heap_signature::bind< A0, A1, A2, A3, A4 >::type >::type
{
    typedef typename detail::fibonacci_heap_signature::bind< A0, A1, A2, A3, A4 >::type bound_args;
    typedef detail::make_fibonacci_heap_base< T, bound_args >                           base_maker;
    typedef typename base_maker::type                                                   super_t;

    typedef typename super_t::size_holder_type      size_holder;
    typedef typename super_t::internal_type         internal_type;
    typedef typename base_maker::allocator_argument allocator_argument;

    template < typename Heap1, typename Heap2 >
    friend struct heap_merge_emulate;

private:
#ifndef BOOST_DOXYGEN_INVOKED
    struct implementation_defined : detail::extract_allocator_types< typename base_maker::allocator_argument >
    {
        typedef T value_type;
        typedef typename detail::extract_allocator_types< typename base_maker::allocator_argument >::size_type size_type;
        typedef typename detail::extract_allocator_types< typename base_maker::allocator_argument >::reference reference;

        typedef typename base_maker::compare_argument value_compare;
        typedef typename base_maker::allocator_type   allocator_type;

        typedef typename boost::allocator_pointer< allocator_type >::type       node_pointer;
        typedef typename boost::allocator_const_pointer< allocator_type >::type const_node_pointer;

        typedef detail::heap_node_list                  node_list_type;
        typedef typename node_list_type::iterator       node_list_iterator;
        typedef typename node_list_type::const_iterator node_list_const_iterator;

        typedef typename base_maker::node_type node;

        typedef detail::value_extractor< value_type, internal_type, super_t > value_extractor;
        typedef typename super_t::internal_compare                            internal_compare;
        typedef detail::node_handle< node_pointer, super_t, reference >       handle_type;

        typedef detail::recursive_tree_iterator< node,
                                                 node_list_const_iterator,
                                                 const value_type,
                                                 value_extractor,
                                                 detail::list_iterator_converter< node, node_list_type > >
                         iterator;
        typedef iterator const_iterator;

        typedef detail::tree_iterator< node,
                                       const value_type,
                                       allocator_type,
                                       value_extractor,
                                       detail::list_iterator_converter< node, node_list_type >,
                                       true,
                                       true,
                                       value_compare >
            ordered_iterator;
    };

    typedef typename implementation_defined::node                     node;
    typedef typename implementation_defined::node_pointer             node_pointer;
    typedef typename implementation_defined::node_list_type           node_list_type;
    typedef typename implementation_defined::node_list_iterator       node_list_iterator;
    typedef typename implementation_defined::node_list_const_iterator node_list_const_iterator;
    typedef typename implementation_defined::internal_compare         internal_compare;
#endif

public:
    typedef T value_type;

    typedef typename implementation_defined::size_type        size_type;
    typedef typename implementation_defined::difference_type  difference_type;
    typedef typename implementation_defined::value_compare    value_compare;
    typedef typename implementation_defined::allocator_type   allocator_type;
    typedef typename implementation_defined::reference        reference;
    typedef typename implementation_defined::const_reference  const_reference;
    typedef typename implementation_defined::pointer          pointer;
    typedef typename implementation_defined::const_pointer    const_pointer;
    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::iterator
    typedef typename implementation_defined::iterator         iterator;
    typedef typename implementation_defined::const_iterator   const_iterator;
    typedef typename implementation_defined::ordered_iterator ordered_iterator;

    typedef typename implementation_defined::handle_type handle_type;

    static const bool constant_time_size    = base_maker::constant_time_size;
    static const bool has_ordered_iterators = true;
    static const bool is_mergable           = true;
    static const bool is_stable             = detail::extract_stable< bound_args >::value;
    static const bool has_reserve           = false;

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::priority_queue(value_compare const &)
    explicit fibonacci_heap( value_compare const& cmp = value_compare() ) :
        super_t( cmp ),
        top_element( 0 )
    {}

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::priority_queue(allocator_type const &)
    explicit fibonacci_heap( allocator_type const& alloc ) :
        super_t( alloc ),
        top_element( 0 )
    {}

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::priority_queue(priority_queue const &)
    fibonacci_heap( fibonacci_heap const& rhs ) :
        super_t( rhs ),
        top_element( 0 )
    {
        if ( rhs.empty() )
            return;

        clone_forest( rhs );
        size_holder::set_size( rhs.size() );
    }

#ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX11_RVALUE_REFERENCES
    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::priority_queue(priority_queue &&)
    fibonacci_heap( fibonacci_heap&& rhs ) :
        super_t( std::move( rhs ) ),
        top_element( rhs.top_element )
    {
        roots.splice( roots.begin(), rhs.roots );
        rhs.top_element = NULL;
    }

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::operator=(priority_queue &&)
    fibonacci_heap& operator=( fibonacci_heap&& rhs )
    {
        clear();

        super_t::operator=( std::move( rhs ) );
        roots.splice( roots.begin(), rhs.roots );
        top_element     = rhs.top_element;
        rhs.top_element = NULL;
        return *this;
    }
#endif

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::operator=(priority_queue const &)
    fibonacci_heap& operator=( fibonacci_heap const& rhs )
    {
        clear();
        size_holder::set_size( rhs.size() );
        static_cast< super_t& >( *this ) = rhs;

        if ( rhs.empty() )
            top_element = NULL;
        else
            clone_forest( rhs );
        return *this;
    }

    ~fibonacci_heap( void )
    {
        clear();
    }

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::empty
    bool empty( void ) const
    {
        if ( constant_time_size )
            return size() == 0;
        else
            return roots.empty();
    }

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::size
    size_type size( void ) const
    {
        if ( constant_time_size )
            return size_holder::get_size();

        if ( empty() )
            return 0;
        else
            return detail::count_list_nodes< node, node_list_type >( roots );
    }

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::max_size
    size_type max_size( void ) const
    {
        const allocator_type& alloc = *this;
        return boost::allocator_max_size( alloc );
    }

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::clear
    void clear( void )
    {
        typedef detail::node_disposer< node, typename node_list_type::value_type, allocator_type > disposer;
        roots.clear_and_dispose( disposer( *this ) );

        size_holder::set_size( 0 );
        top_element = NULL;
    }

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::get_allocator
    allocator_type get_allocator( void ) const
    {
        return *this;
    }

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::swap
    void swap( fibonacci_heap& rhs )
    {
        super_t::swap( rhs );
        std::swap( top_element, rhs.top_element );
        roots.swap( rhs.roots );
    }


    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::top
    value_type const& top( void ) const
    {
        BOOST_ASSERT( !empty() );

        return super_t::get_value( top_element->value );
    }

    /**
     * \b Effects: Adds a new element to the priority queue. Returns handle to element
     *
     * \b Complexity: Constant.
     *
     * \b Note: Does not invalidate iterators.
     *
     * */
    handle_type push( value_type const& v )
    {
        size_holder::increment();

        allocator_type& alloc = *this;
        node_pointer    n     = alloc.allocate( 1 );
        new ( n ) node( super_t::make_node( v ) );
        roots.push_front( *n );

        if ( !top_element || super_t::operator()( top_element->value, n->value ) )
            top_element = n;
        return handle_type( n );
    }

#if !defined( BOOST_NO_CXX11_RVALUE_REFERENCES ) && !defined( BOOST_NO_CXX11_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES )
    /**
     * \b Effects: Adds a new element to the priority queue. The element is directly constructed in-place. Returns
     * handle to element.
     *
     * \b Complexity: Constant.
     *
     * \b Note: Does not invalidate iterators.
     *
     * */
    template < class... Args >
    handle_type emplace( Args&&... args )
    {
        size_holder::increment();

        allocator_type& alloc = *this;
        node_pointer    n     = alloc.allocate( 1 );
        new ( n ) node( super_t::make_node( std::forward< Args >( args )... ) );
        roots.push_front( *n );

        if ( !top_element || super_t::operator()( top_element->value, n->value ) )
            top_element = n;
        return handle_type( n );
    }
#endif

    /**
     * \b Effects: Removes the top element from the priority queue.
     *
     * \b Complexity: Logarithmic (amortized). Linear (worst case).
     *
     * */
    void pop( void )
    {
        BOOST_ASSERT( !empty() );

        node_pointer element = top_element;
        roots.erase( node_list_type::s_iterator_to( *element ) );

        finish_erase_or_pop( element );
    }

    /**
     * \b Effects: Assigns \c v to the element handled by \c handle & updates the priority queue.
     *
     * \b Complexity: Logarithmic if current value < v, Constant otherwise.
     *
     * */
    void update( handle_type handle, const_reference v )
    {
        if ( super_t::operator()( super_t::get_value( handle.node_->value ), v ) )
            increase( handle, v );
        else
            decrease( handle, v );
    }

    /** \copydoc boost::heap::fibonacci_heap::update(handle_type, const_reference)
     *
     * \b Rationale: The lazy update function is a modification of the traditional update, that just invalidates
     *               the iterator to the object referred to by the handle.
     * */
    void update_lazy( handle_type handle, const_reference v )
    {
        handle.node_->value = super_t::make_node( v );
        update_lazy( handle );
    }

    /**
     * \b Effects: Updates the heap after the element handled by \c handle has been changed.
     *
     * \b Complexity: Logarithmic.
     *
     * \b Note: If this is not called, after a handle has been updated, the behavior of the data structure is undefined!
     * */
    void update( handle_type handle )
    {
        update_lazy( handle );
        consolidate();
    }

    /** \copydoc boost::heap::fibonacci_heap::update (handle_type handle)
     *
     * \b Rationale: The lazy update function is a modification of the traditional update, that just invalidates
     *               the iterator to the object referred to by the handle.
     * */
    void update_lazy( handle_type handle )
    {
        node_pointer n      = handle.node_;
        node_pointer parent = n->get_parent();

        if ( parent ) {
            n->parent = NULL;
            roots.splice( roots.begin(), parent->children, node_list_type::s_iterator_to( *n ) );
        }
        add_children_to_root( n );

        if ( super_t::operator()( top_element->value, n->value ) )
            top_element = n;
    }


    /**
     * \b Effects: Assigns \c v to the element handled by \c handle & updates the priority queue.
     *
     * \b Complexity: Constant.
     *
     * \b Note: The new value is expected to be greater than the current one
     * */
    void increase( handle_type handle, const_reference v )
    {
        handle.node_->value = super_t::make_node( v );
        increase( handle );
    }

    /**
     * \b Effects: Updates the heap after the element handled by \c handle has been changed.
     *
     * \b Complexity: Constant.
     *
     * \b Note: If this is not called, after a handle has been updated, the behavior of the data structure is undefined!
     * */
    void increase( handle_type handle )
    {
        node_pointer n = handle.node_;

        if ( n->parent ) {
            if ( super_t::operator()( n->get_parent()->value, n->value ) ) {
                node_pointer parent = n->get_parent();
                cut( n );
                cascading_cut( parent );
            }
        }

        if ( super_t::operator()( top_element->value, n->value ) ) {
            top_element = n;
            return;
        }
    }

    /**
     * \b Effects: Assigns \c v to the element handled by \c handle & updates the priority queue.
     *
     * \b Complexity: Logarithmic.
     *
     * \b Note: The new value is expected to be less than the current one
     * */
    void decrease( handle_type handle, const_reference v )
    {
        handle.node_->value = super_t::make_node( v );
        decrease( handle );
    }

    /**
     * \b Effects: Updates the heap after the element handled by \c handle has been changed.
     *
     * \b Complexity: Logarithmic.
     *
     * \b Note: The new value is expected to be less than the current one. If this is not called, after a handle has
     * been updated, the behavior of the data structure is undefined!
     * */
    void decrease( handle_type handle )
    {
        update( handle );
    }

    /**
     * \b Effects: Removes the element handled by \c handle from the priority_queue.
     *
     * \b Complexity: Logarithmic.
     * */
    void erase( handle_type const& handle )
    {
        node_pointer element = handle.node_;
        node_pointer parent  = element->get_parent();

        if ( parent )
            parent->children.erase( node_list_type::s_iterator_to( *element ) );
        else
            roots.erase( node_list_type::s_iterator_to( *element ) );

        finish_erase_or_pop( element );
    }

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::begin
    iterator begin( void ) const
    {
        return iterator( roots.begin() );
    }

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::end
    iterator end( void ) const
    {
        return iterator( roots.end() );
    }


    /**
     * \b Effects: Returns an ordered iterator to the first element contained in the priority queue.
     *
     * \b Note: Ordered iterators traverse the priority queue in heap order.
     * */
    ordered_iterator ordered_begin( void ) const
    {
        return ordered_iterator( roots.begin(), roots.end(), top_element, super_t::value_comp() );
    }

    /**
     * \b Effects: Returns an ordered iterator to the end of the priority queue.
     *
     * \b Note: Ordered iterators traverse the priority queue in heap order.
     * */
    ordered_iterator ordered_end( void ) const
    {
        return ordered_iterator( NULL, super_t::value_comp() );
    }

    /**
     * \b Effects: Merge with priority queue rhs.
     *
     * \b Complexity: Constant.
     *
     * */
    void merge( fibonacci_heap& rhs )
    {
        size_holder::add( rhs.get_size() );

        if ( !top_element || ( rhs.top_element && super_t::operator()( top_element->value, rhs.top_element->value ) ) )
            top_element = rhs.top_element;

        roots.splice( roots.end(), rhs.roots );

        rhs.top_element = NULL;
        rhs.set_size( 0 );

        super_t::set_stability_count( ( std::max )( super_t::get_stability_count(), rhs.get_stability_count() ) );
        rhs.set_stability_count( 0 );
    }

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::d_ary_heap_mutable::s_handle_from_iterator
    static handle_type s_handle_from_iterator( iterator const& it )
    {
        node* ptr = const_cast< node* >( it.get_node() );
        return handle_type( ptr );
    }

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::value_comp
    value_compare const& value_comp( void ) const
    {
        return super_t::value_comp();
    }

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::operator<(HeapType const & rhs) const
    template < typename HeapType >
    bool operator<( HeapType const& rhs ) const
    {
        return detail::heap_compare( *this, rhs );
    }

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::operator>(HeapType const & rhs) const
    template < typename HeapType >
    bool operator>( HeapType const& rhs ) const
    {
        return detail::heap_compare( rhs, *this );
    }

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::operator>=(HeapType const & rhs) const
    template < typename HeapType >
    bool operator>=( HeapType const& rhs ) const
    {
        return !operator<( rhs );
    }

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::operator<=(HeapType const & rhs) const
    template < typename HeapType >
    bool operator<=( HeapType const& rhs ) const
    {
        return !operator>( rhs );
    }

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::operator==(HeapType const & rhs) const
    template < typename HeapType >
    bool operator==( HeapType const& rhs ) const
    {
        return detail::heap_equality( *this, rhs );
    }

    /// \copydoc boost::heap::priority_queue::operator!=(HeapType const & rhs) const
    template < typename HeapType >
    bool operator!=( HeapType const& rhs ) const
    {
        return !( *this == rhs );
    }

private:
#if !defined( BOOST_DOXYGEN_INVOKED )
    void clone_forest( fibonacci_heap const& rhs )
    {
        BOOST_HEAP_ASSERT( roots.empty() );
        typedef typename node::template node_cloner< allocator_type > node_cloner;
        roots.clone_from( rhs.roots, node_cloner( *this, NULL ), detail::nop_disposer() );

        top_element
            = detail::find_max_child< node_list_type, node, internal_compare >( roots, super_t::get_internal_cmp() );
    }

    void cut( node_pointer n )
    {
        node_pointer parent = n->get_parent();
        roots.splice( roots.begin(), parent->children, node_list_type::s_iterator_to( *n ) );
        n->parent = 0;
        n->mark   = false;
    }

    void cascading_cut( node_pointer n )
    {
        node_pointer parent = n->get_parent();

        if ( parent ) {
            if ( !parent->mark )
                parent->mark = true;
            else {
                cut( n );
                cascading_cut( parent );
            }
        }
    }

    void add_children_to_root( node_pointer n )
    {
        for ( node_list_iterator it = n->children.begin(); it != n->children.end(); ++it ) {
            node_pointer child = static_cast< node_pointer >( &*it );
            child->parent      = 0;
        }

        roots.splice( roots.end(), n->children );
    }

    void consolidate( void )
    {
        if ( roots.empty() )
            return;

        static const size_type                 max_log2 = sizeof( size_type ) * 8;
        boost::array< node_pointer, max_log2 > aux;
        aux.assign( NULL );

        node_list_iterator it = roots.begin();
        top_element           = static_cast< node_pointer >( &*it );

        do {
            node_pointer n = static_cast< node_pointer >( &*it );
            ++it;
            size_type node_rank = n->child_count();

            if ( aux[ node_rank ] == NULL )
                aux[ node_rank ] = n;
            else {
                do {
                    node_pointer other = aux[ node_rank ];
                    if ( super_t::operator()( n->value, other->value ) )
                        std::swap( n, other );

                    if ( other->parent )
                        n->children.splice( n->children.end(),
                                            other->parent->children,
                                            node_list_type::s_iterator_to( *other ) );
                    else
                        n->children.splice( n->children.end(), roots, node_list_type::s_iterator_to( *other ) );

                    other->parent = n;

                    aux[ node_rank ] = NULL;
                    node_rank        = n->child_count();
                } while ( aux[ node_rank ] != NULL );
                aux[ node_rank ] = n;
            }

            if ( !super_t::operator()( n->value, top_element->value ) )
                top_element = n;
        } while ( it != roots.end() );
    }

    void finish_erase_or_pop( node_pointer erased_node )
    {
        add_children_to_root( erased_node );

        erased_node->~node();
        allocator_type& alloc = *this;
        alloc.deallocate( erased_node, 1 );

        size_holder::decrement();
        if ( !empty() )
            consolidate();
        else
            top_element = NULL;
    }

    mutable node_pointer top_element;
    node_list_type       roots;
#endif
};

}} // namespace boost::heap

#undef BOOST_HEAP_ASSERT

#endif /* BOOST_HEAP_FIBONACCI_HEAP_HPP */